Sentences & Transformations

একাদশ- দ্বাদশ শ্রেণি - English - English Grammar & Composition | | NCTB BOOK
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# বহুনির্বাচনী প্রশ্ন

Supple mentary tax
Sentence building
Manner of speech
Synchronizing act
Supple mentary tax
Sentence building
Manner of speech
Synchronizing act
Supplementary tax
Rules of sentence building
Manner of speech
Synchronizing act
Negative Sentence
Manner of speech
Sentence building
Word meaning
Word making
rules for writing paragraph
rules for sentence construction
rules for correct pronounciation
rules for writing an easy

Sentence and Kind of Sentences

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Sentence 

এক বা একাধিক Word শৃঙ্খলভাবে ব্যবহৃত হয়ে যদি একটি সম্পূর্ণ মনের ভাব প্রকাশ করে, তখন তাকে বাংলায় বাক্য এবং ইংরেজিতে Sentence বলে।

যেমন-

(i) The dog is a faithful animal.

(ii) He goes.

(iii) Run.

এখানে প্রথম বাক্যে একাধিক অর্থাৎ ৬টি word ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে। দ্বিতীয় বাক্যে ২টি word ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে এবং তৃতীয় বাক্যে ১টি word ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে। তৃতীয় বাক্য দ্বারা বুঝা যায় ১টি word দ্বারাও বাক্য সম্ভব। শুধুমাত্র Run শব্দটি (word) দ্বারা কাউকে দৌড়াতে বলা হয়েছে। এভাবে ১টি word দ্বারাও থাকা সম্ভব। যেমন Good, Yes, No, Listen, What, Walk ইত্যাদি।

Kinds of Sentence 

অর্থভেদে Sentence পাঁচ প্রকার। অর্থাৎ প্রকাশভঙ্গির ধরন বা কারো মনোভাব প্রকাশের ওপর ভিত্তি করে Sentence-কে পাচ ভাগে ভাগ করা হয়। 

যথা— 

(i) Assertive Sentence (বিবৃতিমূলক )

(ii) Interrogative Sentence (প্রশ্নবোধক )

(iii) Imperative Sentence (অনুজ্ঞাসুচক)

(iv) Optative Sentence (ইচ্ছা বা আশীর্বাদসূচক বাক্য)

(v) Exclamatory Sentence (বিস্ময়সূচক)

 

গঠনভেদে : গঠনভেদে Sentence-কে আবার তিন ভাগে ভাগ করা হয়। 

যথা :

A. Simple Sentence 

B. Complex Sentence

C. Compound Sentence

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# বহুনির্বাচনী প্রশ্ন

Attend your classes regularly
Do not attend classes regularly
Attend classes regularly
Not attend classes regularly
Do not waste your time in vain.
Do not waste time in vain.
Not waste your time in vain.
Do not waste your valuable time in vain.

Assertive Sentence

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Assertive Sentence

যে Sentence বা বাক্য দ্বারা সাধারণভাবে কোনো বিবৃতি প্রদান করা হয়, তাকে Assertive Sentence বলে। 

যেমন— I know him very well.

The wind is unfavourable.

Assertive Sentence আবার ২ প্রকার। যথা :

(1) Affirmative Sentence (হ্যাঁ বোধক বাক্য)

The Python moves slowly.

(ii) Negative Sentence (না বোধক বাক্য)

The Python does not move quickly. 

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# বহুনির্বাচনী প্রশ্ন

Assertive sentence
Optative Sentence
Imperative sentence
Complex sentence
I wish our cricket team to win the 'World Cup'.
I wish that our cricket team wins the 'World Cup'.
I wish that our cricket team could win the 'World Cup'.
I wish our cricket team can win the 'World Cup'.

Interrogative Sentence

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Interrogative Sentence 

যে sentence বা বাক্য দ্বারা কোনো কিছু জানতে চাওয়া হয় অর্থাৎ প্রশ্ন করা হয়, তাকে Interrogative Sentence বলে।

যেমন—

(i) Do you like tea?

(ii) Where are you going now?

(iii) Does he read a book? 

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# বহুনির্বাচনী প্রশ্ন

Would you please don't worry?
Would you please not worry?
Please don't to worry.
Would you please not to worry?
Every body loves a liar?
Every body lives a liar?
Who does not hate a liar?
Who does not hates a liar?
Do anyone like acid-throwing?
Is there anyone who can hate acid-throwing?
Who does accept acid-throwing?
Who does accept acid-throwing?
Who knows him?
Does every one know him?
Who does not know him?
Is he known by every one?
What matters if I fail?
Does it matter if I fail?
What does it matter if I fail?
Doesn't it matter if I fail ?
What is matters if I fail

Imperative Sentence

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Imperative Sentence

যে sentence বা বাক্য দ্বারা আদেশ, উপদেশ, অনুরোধ ইত্যাদি প্রকাশ পায়, তাকে Imperative Sentence বলে।

যেমন—

(1) Take care of your health. 

(ii) Let us go out for a walk.

[Note: Imperative Sentence-এ সচরাচর verb দ্বারা বাক্য শুরু হয় । 

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# বহুনির্বাচনী প্রশ্ন

Let it be done.
Close the door.
The job is done.
She is cooking.
Attend your classes regularly
Do not attend classes regularly
Attend classes regularly
Not attend classes regularly
Attend your classes regularly
Do not attend classes regularly
Attend classes regularly
Not attend classes regularly
assertive sentence
imperative sentence
optative sentence
exclamation

Optative Sentence

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Optative Sentence

যে বাক্য দ্বারা মনের ইচ্ছে বা কামনা, প্রার্থনা এসব বুঝায়, তাকে বলে Optative Sentence। 

যেমন— 

(1) May you live long.

(2) May Allah help you.

(3)May Allah help you. 

(4)May you recover soon.

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# বহুনির্বাচনী প্রশ্ন

assertive sentence
imperative sentence
interogative sentence
optative sentence

Exclamatory Sentence

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Exclamatory Sentence

যে sentence বা বাক্য দ্বারা মনের আনন্দ, সুখ, দুঃখ, বিস্ময় প্রভৃতি প্রকাশিত হয়, তাকে Exclamatory Sentence বলে।

যেমন—

(1) Hurrah! We have won the match.

(ii) Alas! I am undone.

(iii) How beautiful a bird is! 

(iv) What a sad piece of news it is!

[Note: অবশ্যই স্মরণ রাখতে হবে যে Interrogative Sentence-এর শেষে প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন (?) বসবে এবং Exclamatory Sentence-এর পর (What/How দ্বারা শুরু বাক্যে) বিস্ময়সূচক চিহ্ন (!) বসবে এবং Hurrah, Alas, Oh ইত্যাদি দ্বারা শুরু বাক্যে উক্ত শব্দগুলোর পরেই বিস্ময় চিহ্ন (!) ও বাক্যের শেষে ফুল স্টপ (.) বসবে।

What a delicious meal!

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# বহুনির্বাচনী প্রশ্ন

Time flies very swiftly!
How time does fly !
How does time fly!
What a time flies!

Simple Sentence

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Simple Sentence

একটি মাত্র Subject এবং একটি মাত্র finite verb নিয়ে গঠিত Sentence-কে Simple Sentence বলে।

Everyday we play football.

Killing the bird, the old man brought bad luck to the crew.

The sun having set, we went home.

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# বহুনির্বাচনী প্রশ্ন

a small sentence
An assertive sentence
any one clause sentene
Any easy-to-understand sentence
The machine is working beyond our expectations
If I make a promise, I keep it.
Tell me what you mean by this.
He does not always speak as he thinks.
A small sentence
An assertive sentence
An one-clause sentence
An easy-to-understand sentence

Complex Sentence

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Complex Sentence

একটি Principal clause এবং  এক বা একাধিক sub-ordinate clause নিয়ে গঠিত Sentence-কে  Complex Sentence বলে।

Example: 

He said that he was innocent.

This is the act that a wise man does. 

If you read, you will learn.

[Note: If, although, though, before, after, as, because, since, that, so that, unless, whether, when, where প্রভৃতি দ্বারা complex sentence  যুক্ত হয়। 

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# বহুনির্বাচনী প্রশ্ন

If you buy one mobile, you get another mobile free
If you buy one mobile, you get one free
A mobile free on purchase of one mobile
Buy one mobile to get one free
None
compound sentence
complex-compound sentence
simple sentence
complex sentence
He had come after the sunset.
He came when the sun had set.
He come while the sun is set.
The sun had set and he came.
complex sentence
simple sentence
compound sentence
adverbial clause
English Language and Communication Reading Passage: Read the following text and answer questions :

When another old cave is discovered in the south of France, it is not usually news. Rather, it is an ordinary event. Such discoveries are so frequent these days that hardly anybody pays heed to them. However, when the Lascaux cave complex was discovered in 1940, the world was amazed. Painted directly on its wall were hundreds of scenes showing how people lived thousands of years ago. The scenes show people hunting animals, such as bison or wild cats. Other images depict birds and, most noticeably, horses, which appear in more than 300 wall images, by far outnumbering all other animals. Early artists drawing these animals accomplished a monumental and difficult task. They did not limit themselves to the easily accessible wall but carried their painting materials to spaces that required climbing steep walls or crawling into narrow passages in the Lascaux complex. Unfortunately, the paintings have been exposed to the destructive action of water and temperature changes, which easily wear the images away. Because the Lascaux caves have many entrances, air movement has also damaged the images inside. Although they are not out in the open air, where natural light would have destroyed them long ago, many of the images have deteriorated and are barely recognizable. To prevent further damage, the site was closed to tourists in 1963, 23 years it was discovered.

Many painting spaces were difficult to reach.
The caves were full of wild animals
Raninting materials were hard to find.
It was completely dark inside

Compound Sentence

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Compound Sentence

একাধিক Independent principal clause, co- ordinating conjunction (and, but, or, nor, also, however, moreover, thus, so, therefore, else, as well as, yet, whereas, not only but also, otherwise) দ্বারা যুক্ত হলে, তাকে Compound Sentence বলে।

Example

You are a student, so you have to study well.

Do or die.

The thief saw the police and ran away.

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# বহুনির্বাচনী প্রশ্ন

It seemed impossible that he could escape
Only those boys who will work hard will succeed
He not only made a promise but kept it
He kept the promise he had made
Even he is cruel but I like him
Although he is rich, he is honest
Despite being rich he is honest
In spite of honesty he is rich
His accumulation of riches did not affect his honesty
complex sentence
simple sentence
compound sentence
exclamatory sentence
He makes promise and tries to keep it
He made primise to keep it
As he made a promise , he kept it .
He not only made a promise but also kept it
Speak the truth , or I will kil you.
I will kill you, if you do not speak the truth .
I will not kill you, if you speak the truth.
Speak the truth, then I will not kill you.

Negative Sentence

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# বহুনির্বাচনী প্রশ্ন

I had no doubt whether he had passed.
I was not sure whether he had passed.
I was not doubtful whether he had passed.
I was not doubtless whether he had failed.
No one is better friend than he
No one is best friend as him
No friend is better friend than him
No friend is better friend than he
No star but the evening star appears
No star but only evening star appeared
None but the evening star has appeared
No star but evening star appeared
Does mother cook rice?
Has mother not cook rice/
Does not mother cook rice?
Does mother not cook rice?
There is no mother but loves her child.
Who does not loves her child.
(A+B)
None

Transformation of sentences

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# বহুনির্বাচনী প্রশ্ন

I do not do it
I can not help doing it
I can not but doing it
I can not do it
I know you
I know who you are
I know who are you
I know what are you.
Despite poor, he was generous.
Despite his poverty, he was generous
Despite of his poverty, he was generous.
Though poor, he was generous.
Wait here till I arrive
Wait here till my arrive
Wait here before I arrive
Wait here before I arrive
The man who is walking along the rod looks tired.
The man looks tired walking along the road looks tired.
The man looks tired and he is walking along the road.
The man is tired because he is walking along the road.

Voice

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Voice 

Voice অর্থ বাচ্য , ক্রিয়া প্রকাশের ভঙ্গিমাকে ই Voice বা বাচ্য বলে ।

Voice এর প্রকারভেদ: Voice দুই প্রকার । যথা

1. Active Voice (কর্তৃবাচ্য)

2. Passive Voice (কর্মবাচ্য)।

1. Active Voice( কর্তৃবাচ্য ): কোন Sentence এ যদি Subject সক্রিয় হয়ে কোন কাজ সম্পাদন করে তখন তাকে Active Voice বলে ।

যেমন :

I eat rice.

He writes a letter.

Fateha reads a book.

We are playing football.

2. Passive Voice( কর্মবাচ্য ): কোন Sentence এ যদি Subject কে দিয়ে কোন কাজ করানো হয় বুঝায় তখন তাকে Passive Voice বলে ।

যেমন :

Rice Is eaten by me.

A letter is written by him.

A book is read by Fateha.

Football is being played by us.

Voice Change করার নিয়ম । কিভাবে Active Voice কে Passive Voice এ পরিবর্তন করা হয় ।

Active Voice কে Passive Voice এ পরিবর্তন করার General Rule : 

Active Voice কে Passive Voice এ পরিবর্তন করতে হলে Active Voice এর Object Passive Voice এ Subject হয়ে বসে এবং Active Voice এর Subject টি Passive Voice এ Object হয়ে বসে এবং তার পূর্বে by বসে । Active Voice এর মূল Verb এর Passive Voice এ Past Participle রূপ হয় এবং Tense ও Passive Voice এর Subject অনুযায়ী Be Verb বসে ।

Tense অনুযায়ী Active Voice কে Passive Voice এ পরিবর্তন করার নিয়মাবলী :

 

Present Indefinite Tense

গঠন : Present Indefinite Tense এ Active voice কে Passive Voice এ পরিবর্তন করতে হলে Active Voice এর Object টি Passive Voice এ Subject হয়ে বসবে এবং Active Voice এর Subject টি Passive Voice এ Object হয়ে বসবে এবং তার পূর্বে by বসবে। Passive Voice এর Subject এর Person ও Number অনুযায়ী তার পরে Be Verb, am / is / are এর যেকোন একটি বসবে। এবং Active Voice এর মূল Verb টি Passive Voice এ Past Participle রূপে বসবে।

গঠন প্রণালী : Active Voice এর Object + am / is/ are + মূল Verb এর Past Participle রূপ + by + Active Voice এর Subject.

যেমন :-

Active : I eat rice.

Passive : Rice is eaten by me.

Active : They play football.

Passive : Football is played by them.

Active : I see the man.

Passive : The man is seen by me.

Active : Mother cooks rice.

Passive : Rice is cooked by mother.

Active : We eat mango.

Passive : Mango is eaten by us.

Active : She reads Arabic.

Passive : Arabic is read by her.

Active : Mr Khan teaches English.

Passive : English is taught by Mr Khan.

Active : Lima makes tea.

Passive : Tea is made by Lima.

Active : Rony Reads a book.

Passive : A book is read by Rony.

Active : Rina makes basket.

Passive : Basket is made by Rina.

 

Past Indefinite Tense

গঠন : Past Indefinite Tense এ Active voice কে Passive Voice এ পরিবর্তন করতে হলে Active Voice এর Object টি Passive Voice এ Subject হয়ে বসবে এবং Active Voice এর Subject টি Passive Voice এ Object হয়ে বসবে এবং তার পূর্বে by বসবে। Passive Voice এর Subject এর Person ও Number অনুযায়ী তার পরে Be Verb, was / were এর যেকোন একটি বসবে। এবং Active Voice এর মূল Verb টি Passive Voice এ Past Participle রূপে বসবে।

গঠন প্রণালী : Active Voice এর Object + was / were + মূল Verb এর Past Participle রূপ + by + Active Voice এর Subject.

যেমন :-

Active : I ate rice.

Passive : Rice was eaten by me.

Active : Rina wrote a letter.

Passive : A letter was written by Rina.

Active : She sang a song.

Passive : A song was sung by her.

Active : We did the work.

Passive : The work was done by us.

Active : Mother cooked food.

Passive : Food was cooked by mother.

Active : They played Cricket.

Passive : Cricket was played by them.

Active : The man sold the land.

Passive : The land was sold by the man.

Active : I knew them.

Passive : They were known by me.

Active : Police arrested the Criminals.

Passive : The Criminals were arrested by Police.

Active : Mr. Khan taught the students.

Passive : The Students were taught by Mr. Khan.

 

Future Indefinite Tense

গঠন : Future Indefinite Tense এ Active voice কে Passive Voice এ পরিবর্তন করতে হলে Active Voice এর Object টি Passive Voice এ Subject হয়ে বসবে এবং Active Voice এর Subject টি Passive Voice এ Object হয়ে বসবে এবং তার পূর্বে by বসবে। Passive Voice এর Subject এর Person ও Number অনুযায়ী তার পরে Be Verb, shall be / will be এর যেকোন একটি বসবে। এবং Active Voice এর মূল Verb টি Passive Voice এ Past Participle রূপে বসবে।

গঠন প্রণালী : Active Voice এর Object + shall be / will be + মূল Verb এর Past Participle রূপ + by + Active Voice এর Subject.

যেমন :-

Active : I shall write a letter.

Passive : A letter will be written by me.

Active : Swapan will support me.

Passive : I shall be supported by Swapan.

Active : Tania will make tea.

Passive : Tea will be made by Tania.

Active : Rana will write a story.

Passive : A story will be written by Rana.

Active : Father will buy a cow.

Passive : A cow will be bought by father.

Active : She will learn the lesson.

Passive : The lesson will be learnt by her.

Active : Ema will sing a song.

Passive : A song will be sung by Ema.

Active : we shall play football.

Passive : Football will be played by us.

Active : mother will cook rice.

Passive : Rice will be cooked by Mother.

Active : Ali will catch fish.

Passive : Fish will be caught by Ali.

 

Present Continuous Tense

গঠন : Present Continuous Tense এ Active voice কে Passive Voice এ পরিবর্তন করতে হলে Active Voice এর Object টি Passive Voice এ Subject হয়ে বসবে এবং Active Voice এর Subject টি Passive Voice এ Object হয়ে বসবে এবং তার পূর্বে by বসবে। Passive Voice এর Subject এর Person ও Number অনুযায়ী তার পরে Be Verb, am being / is being / are being এর যেকোন একটি বসবে। এবং Active Voice এর মূল Verb টি Passive Voice এ Past Participle রূপে বসবে।

গঠন প্রণালী : Active Voice এর Object + am being / is being / are being + মূল Verb এর Past Participle রূপ + by + Active Voice এর Subject.

যেমন :-

Active : We are eating mango.

Passive : Mango is being eaten by us.

Active : Mother is cooking rice.

Passive : Rice is being cooked by Mother.

Active : Ali is catching fish.

Passive : Fish is being caught by Ali.

Active : He is reading a book.

Passive : A book is being read by him.

Active : The teacher is teaching the Students.

Passive : The Students are being taught by the teacher.

Active : She is writing a letter.

Passive : A letter is being written by her.

Active : They are playing Cricket.

Passive : Cricket is being played by them.

Active : I am eating rice.

Passive : Rice is being eaten by me.

Active : They are reading English.

Passive : English is being read by them.

Active : They are doing the work.

Passive : The work is being done by them.

 

Past Continuous Tense

গঠন : Past Continuous Tense এ Active voice কে Passive Voice এ পরিবর্তন করতে হলে Active Voice এর Object টি Passive Voice এ Subject হয়ে বসবে এবং Active Voice এর Subject টি Passive Voice এ Object হয়ে বসবে এবং তার পূর্বে by বসবে। Passive Voice এর Subject এর Person ও Number অনুযায়ী তার পরে Be Verb, was being / were being এর যেকোন একটি বসবে। এবং Active Voice এর মূল Verb টি Passive Voice এ Past Participle রূপে বসবে।

গঠন প্রণালী : Active Voice এর Object + was being / were being + মূল Verb এর Past Participle রূপ + by + Active Voice এর Subject.

যেমন :-

Active : We were eating mango.

Passive : Mango was being eaten by us.

Active : Mother was cooking rice.

Passive : Rice was being cooked by Mother.

Active : Ali was catching fish.

Passive : Fish was being caught by Ali.

Active : He was reading a book.

Passive : A book was being read by him.

Active : The teacher was teaching the Students.

Passive : The Students were being taught by the teacher.

Active : She was writing a letter.

Passive : A letter was being written by her.

Active : They were playing Cricket.

Passive : Cricket was being played by them.

Active : I was eating rice.

Passive : Rice was being eaten by me.

Active : They were reading English.

Passive : English was being read by them.

Active : They were doing the work.

Passive : The work was being done by them.

 

Future Continuous Tense

গঠন : Future Continuous Tense এ Active voice কে Passive Voice এ পরিবর্তন করতে হলে Active Voice এর Object টি Passive Voice এ Subject হয়ে বসবে এবং Active Voice এর Subject টি Passive Voice এ Object হয়ে বসবে এবং তার পূর্বে by বসবে। Passive Voice এর Subject এর Person ও Number অনুযায়ী তার পরে Be Verb, shall be being / will be being এর যেকোন একটি বসবে। এবং Active Voice এর মূল Verb টি Passive Voice এ Past Participle রূপে বসবে।

গঠন প্রণালী : Active Voice এর Object + shall be being / will be being + মূল Verb এর Past Participle রূপ + by + Active Voice এর Subject.

যেমন :-

Active : We shall be eating mango.

Passive : Mango will be being eaten by us.

Active : Mother will be cooking rice.

Passive : Rice will be being cooked by Mother.

Active : Ali will be catching fish.

Passive : Fish will be being caught by Ali.

Active : He will be reading a book.

Passive : A book will be being read by him.

Active : The teacher will be teaching the Students.

Passive : The Students will be being taught by the teacher.

Active : She will be writing a letter.

Passive : A letter will be being written by her.

Active : They will be playing Cricket.

Passive : Cricket will be being played by them.

Active : I shall be eating rice.

Passive : Rice will be being eaten by me.

Active : They will be reading English.

Passive : English will be being read by them.

Active : They will be doing the work.

Passive : The work will be being done by them.

 

Present Perfect Tense

গঠন : Present Perfect Tense এ Active voice কে Passive Voice এ পরিবর্তন করতে হলে Active Voice এর Object টি Passive Voice এ Subject হয়ে বসবে এবং Active Voice এর Subject টি Passive Voice এ Object হয়ে বসবে এবং তার পূর্বে by বসবে। Passive Voice এর Subject এর Person ও Number অনুযায়ী তার পরে Be Verb, have been / has been এর যেকোন একটি বসবে। এবং Active Voice এর মূল Verb টি Passive Voice এ Past Participle রূপে বসবে।

গঠন প্রণালী : Active Voice এর Object + have been / has been + মূল Verb এর Past Participle রূপ + by + Active Voice এর Subject.

যেমন :-

Active : We have eaten mango.

Passive : Mango has been eaten by us.

Active : Mother has cooked rice.

Passive : Rice has been cooked by Mother.

Active : Ali has caught fish.

Passive : Fish has been caught by Ali.

Active : He has read a book.

Passive : A book has been read by him.

Active : The teacher has taught the Students.

Passive : The Students have been taught by the teacher.

Active : She has written a letter.

Passive : A letter has been written by her.

Active : They have played Cricket.

Passive : Cricket has been played by them.

Active : I have eaten rice.

Passive : Rice has been eaten by me.

Active : They have read English.

Passive : English has been read by them.

Active : They have done the work.

Passive : The work has been done by them.

 

Past Perfect Tense

গঠন : Past Perfect Tense এ Active voice কে Passive Voice এ পরিবর্তন করতে হলে Active Voice এর Object টি Passive Voice এ Subject হয়ে বসবে এবং Active Voice এর Subject টি Passive Voice এ Object হয়ে বসবে এবং তার পূর্বে by বসবে। Passive Voice এর Subject এর পরে Be Verb, had been বসবে। এবং Active Voice এর মূল Verb টি Passive Voice এ Past Participle রূপে বসবে।

গঠন প্রণালী : Active Voice এর Object + had been + মূল Verb এর Past Participle রূপ + by + Active Voice এর Subject.

যেমন :-

Active : We had eaten mango.

Passive : Mango had been eaten by us.

Active : Mother had cooked rice.

Passive : Rice had been cooked by Mother.

Active : Ali had caught fish.

Passive : Fish had been caught by Ali.

Active : He had read a book.

Passive : A book had been read by him.

Active : The teacher had taught the Students.

Passive : The Students had been taught by the teacher.

Active : She had written a letter.

Passive : A letter had been written by her.

Active : They had played Cricket.

Passive : Cricket had been played by them.

Active : I had eaten rice.

Passive : Rice had been eaten by me.

Active : They had read English.

Passive : English had been read by them.

Active : They had done the work.

Passive : The work had been done by them.

 

Future Perfect Tense

গঠন : Future Perfect Tense এ Active voice কে Passive Voice এ পরিবর্তন করতে হলে Active Voice এর Object টি Passive Voice এ Subject হয়ে বসবে এবং Active Voice এর Subject টি Passive Voice এ Object হয়ে বসবে এবং তার পূর্বে by বসবে। Passive Voice এর Subject এর Person ও Number অনুযায়ী তার পরে Be Verb,shall have been /will have been এর যেকোন একটি বসবে। এবং Active Voice এর মূল Verb টি Passive Voice এ Past Participle রূপে বসবে।

গঠন প্রণালী : Active Voice এর Object +shall have been / will have been+ মূল Verb এর Past Participle রূপ + by + Active Voice এর Subject.

যেমন :-

Active : We shall have eaten mango.

Passive : Mango will have been eaten by us.

Active : Mother will have cooked rice.

Passive : Rice will have been cooked by Mother.

Active : Ali will have caught fish.

Passive : Fish will have been caught by Ali.

Active : He will have read a book.

Passive : A book will have been read by him.

Active : The teacher will have taught the Students.

Passive : The Students will have been taught by the teacher.

Active : She will have written a letter.

Passive : A letter will have been written by her.

Active : They will have played Cricket.

Passive : Cricket will have been played by them.

Active : I shall have eaten rice.

Passive : Rice will have been eaten by me.

Active : They will have read English.

Passive : English will have been read by them.

Active : They will have done the work.

Passive : The work will have been done by them.

Content added By

# বহুনির্বাচনী প্রশ্ন

Could any evidence of their claim be given by them?

Can any evidence of their claim been given by them?

Should any evidence of their claim be given by them?

Can any evidence of their claim being given by them?

Who was broken the glass.
By whom was the glass brokes.
By whom has the glass broken.
By whom has the glass been broken.
By whom am I called?
By whom I am called?
By whom am I being called?
Whom am I called by?
Let not a lie ever be told
Let not a liy ever be told
Let never lie told
Let not ever be told
He reads the book
The book is well to read
The book is read well
None

Active Voice

1

1. Active Voice( কর্তৃবাচ্য ): কোন Sentence এ যদি Subject সক্রিয় হয়ে কোন কাজ সম্পাদন করে তখন তাকে Active Voice বলে ।

যেমন :

I eat rice.

He writes a letter.

Fateha reads a book.

We are playing football.

Content added By

# বহুনির্বাচনী প্রশ্ন

Who killed this bird?
Who did kill this bird?
Who had killed this bird?
Who has killed this bird?
The stranger deceives me
The stranger has deceived me
THe stranger deceived me
THe stranger had deceived me
Guests will wear evening dress
Guests will be worn evening dress
Guests will worn evening dress
None of the above
The stranger deceives me
The stranger has deceived me
The stranger decived me
The stranger had deceived me
I have loss my pen
I have losted my pen
I had losted my pen
I have lost my pen

Passive voice

3

2. Passive Voice( কর্মবাচ্য ): কোন Sentence এ যদি Subject কে দিয়ে কোন কাজ করানো হয় বুঝায় তখন তাকে Passive Voice বলে ।

যেমন :

Rice Is eaten by me.

A letter is written by him.

A book is read by Fateha.

Football is being played by us.

Content added By

# বহুনির্বাচনী প্রশ্ন

Let is not be done
Let not it be done
Let it be done
Let it be not done
The door is no be shut.
The door may be shut.
Let the door be shut.
Let the door shut.
By whom the problem can be solved?
By whom could the problem be solved?
The problem can be solved by whom?
By whom can the problem be solved?
Who is being called Tisha.
Whom is called Tisha.
By whom is Tisha being called.
By whom Tisha is called.

Degree of Comparison

8

Degree of Comparison

দোষ, গুণ বা অবস্থার তারতম্য বুঝাতে Adjective-এর যে রূপান্তর হয় তাকে Comparison of Adjectives অথবা Degree of Comparison বলে । Degree তিন প্রকার। 

1, Positive Degree, যা কোনো তুলনা না বুঝিয়ে সাধারণভাবে দোষ, গুণ বা অবস্থা প্রকাশ করে। যেমন Good, beautiful 

2. Comparative Degree দ্বারা দুয়ের মধ্যে তুলনা বুঝানো হয়। যেমন— better, more beautiful 

3. Superlative Degree দ্বারা দুয়ের অধিক ব্যক্তি/বস্তুর তুলনা করে দোষ, গুণ বা অবস্থার সর্বোচ্চ সীমাকে বোঝায়। যেমন— Best, most beautiful । 

কিছু কিছু Adjective আছে যাদের Comparison হয় না। আবার কিছু কিছু আছে সেগুলো Degree করার কিছু নিয়ম আছে, সেগুলো Degree করার পর ভিন্ন রূপ ধারণ করে। যেমন— Perfect শব্দটির degree হয় না। অন্যদিকে good শব্দটি degree করার পর ভিন্ন রূপ better bent ধারণ করে।

 

1. Positive Degree-এর ক্ষেত্রে দুই ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুর মধ্যে সাদৃশ্য বুঝাতে হ্যাঁ-বোধক বাক্যে as........as এবং বৈসাদৃশ্য (অমিল) বুঝাতে না-বোধক বাক্যে so/as....... as ব্যবহৃত হয়।

Babu is as tall as his brother. 

 

2. As.....…as, so.....…as-এর পর pronoun আসলে Informal English-এ Objective pronoun হয়। কিন্তু Formal English-এ  Subjective form হয়।

যদি দুটি উত্তরই দেয়া থাকে তাহলে Subjective form নির্বাচন করাই শ্রেয়।

Rahim is as tall as I. 

 

3. সাধারণত এক Syllable বিশিষ্ট Adjective-এর শেষে er যোগ করে এবং দুই বা ততোধিক Syllable যুক্ত Adjective-এর আগে more যুক্ত করে Comparative degree তৈরি করা হয়। Comparative-এর পর than বসে এবং এর পর Pronoun-এর Nominative (Subjective) form বসে।

 Your book is finer than this. 


4. Comparative-এর পূর্বে সাধারণত the বসে না। কিন্তু দুটি ব্যক্তি/বস্তুর তুলনা করতে two শব্দটি উল্লেখ থাকলে Comparative Adjective-এর পূর্বে the বসে।

 

 5. একই ব্যক্তি বা বস্তুর বিভিন্ন গুণের তুলনা করতে ১ম গুণ তথা adjective-এর পূর্বে সর্বদা more বসে । কখনই adjectiveটির সাথে er/ r যোগ হয় না। 

He is more good than bad. 

 

 6.. সমানুপাতিক বৃদ্ধি বা হ্রাস প্রকাশ করতে the + comparative degree…..+ the +comparative degree….এই Structureটি ব্যবহৃত হয়।

The more you read, the more you learn.

 

7. Prefer, Preferable: Prefer এর পর একটি মাত্র  Verb আসলে infinitive হয়। যেমন— I prefer to do it. কিন্তু prefer-এর পর দুটি verb আসলে তাদের সাথে ing যুক্ত হয় এবং উভয় Verb-এর মাঝে to বসে। উল্লেখ্য, তুলনার সময় prefers preferable-এর পর than না বসে to বসে।

I prefer death to dishonour. 

 Death is preferable to dishonour. 

 

8. Prefer শব্দটি নিজেই Comparative অর্থ প্রকাশ করে। তাই এর আগে বা পরে more যোগ করার প্রয়োজন নেই।

 What do you prefer?

 

9. Very and Much : সাধারণত Positive Degree-এর পূর্বে Comparative Degree-এর পূর্বে much বসে।

-The question is very easy.

-The question is much easier.

 

10. Latin comparatives তথা senior, junior, inferior, superior, prior, ulterior, posterior ইত্যাদির পর than না বসে to বসে।

 

11. Less and Fewer: এ দুটিই comparative degree এবং এদের অর্থও এক। তবে less ব্যবহৃত হয় uncountable noun এর সাথে আর fewer ব্যবহৃত হয়

There were fewer guests than I expected.

 

12. কোনো বাক্যে as...... as ও comparative উভয়ই থাকলে প্রথমে as .... as এবং পরে Comparative বসে। 

 She was as pretty as if not prettier than any other girl at the party.

 

13. এক Syllable বিশিষ্ট adjective-এর সাথে est এবং দুই বা ততোধিক Syllable যুক্ত adjective-এর সাথে most যুক্ত করে superlative degree তৈরি করা হয়। Superlative degree-এর পূর্বে সর্বদা the বসে এবং পরে of বসে; পরে স্থান থাকলে তার আগে in বসে।

He is the happiest child of all. 

 

14. One of এর পর Noun Plural হয় ।

▸He is one of the rudest men I've ever met

 

15. Perfect, supreme, false, complete, unique, universal প্রভুটি শব্দ নিজেরাই  Superlative অর্থ প্রদান করে বলে এদের পূর্বে most বা অন্য কোনো qualifier বসে না।

This is a unique opportunity.


 

16. একই বাক্যে একই Noun কে গুণান্বিত করার জন্য একাধিক Adjective ব্যবহৃত হলে প্রত্যেকটির সাথেই degree of comparison ব্যবহার করতে হবে। 

Raju is more intelligent and taller than Rana.

My pen is superior to and costlier than yours.

 

17. ইংরেজিতে Double comparative বা Double superlative ব্যবহৃত হয় না। অর্থাৎ একই Adjective-এর সাথে একাধিক Comparative Superlative degree ব্যবহার করা যাবে না।

He is better today.

 

18. কিছু কিছু Adjectives আছে যাদের Comparative Superlative forms একটু ভিন্নরকম। এগুলো খুবই গুরুত্বপূর্ণ বিধায় মুখস্থ করে রাখা ভালো।

PositiveComparativeSuperlative
bad, evil, illworseworst
good, wellbetterbest
littlelessleast
much/manymoremost
foreformerforemost,first
hindhinderhindermost
latelaterlatest
latelatterlast
oldolder/elderoldest,eldest

 

19. কোনো Sentence-এ একই জাতীয় noun ভিন্ন কোনো noun-এর সাথে সম্পর্কযুক্ত হয়ে তাদের মধ্যে তুলনা করা হলে পূর্ববর্তী সমজাতীয় noun-এর পুনরাবৃত্তি না করে তার পরিবর্তে (singular/ uncountable noun হলে ) that of এবং plural those of বসে।

(i) The rice of Barisal is better than that of Dinajpur.

(ii) The roads of Dhaka are better than those of Khulna. 

 

20.  Older, elder, oldest, eldest:  এই শব্দগুলর অর্থ খুব কাছাকাছি হলেও পার্থক্য রয়েছে । একই পরিবারভুক্ত ব্যক্তিবর্গের ক্ষেত্রে elder/eldest ব্যবহার করা হয় এবং older/oldest ব্যবহার করা হয় অন্যান্য ক্ষেত্রে।

-Bablu is my elder brother.

-My eldest sister lives in Dhaka.

-Reza is the oldest man in our village.

Content added By

# বহুনির্বাচনী প্রশ্ন

Iron is useful metal
Very few metals are so useful metals as iron
Iron is more useful metal
Iron is more useful metals
No other player is as good in the team as he
He is as good as other players
No other player is as better in the team as he
No other player was as good in the team as he
but work experience
also work experience
but also work experience
but more work experience

Positive Degree

2

Positive degree:

যে adjective দ্বারা কোনো ব্যক্তি, কোনো বস্তু বা প্রাণির সাধারন গুণ বোঝায়, যা দ্বারা কারও সাথে তুলনা করা বোঝায় না, তাকে Positive degree বলে ।

Positive degree -এর  structure:

Subject + verb + article (a / an ) + adjective এর positive form + noun.

Subject + verb + adjective a positive form.

Example:

He is a smart boy.

The iron is expensive.

A tiger is a ferocious animal.

Degree পরিবর্তনের পূর্ব শর্ত, adjective এর তিনটি form সম্বন্ধে জানা।

Positive ComparativeSuperlative
Talltallertallest
Richricherrichest
Shortshortershortest
FatfatterFattest
Thinthinnerthinnest
Easyeasiereasiest
Gaygayergayest
Beautifulmore beautifulmost beautiful
Manymuchmore

 

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# বহুনির্বাচনী প্রশ্ন

Telephone calls are as cheaper as it.
Telephone calls are not as cheaper as it.
Telephone calls are cheaper as it.
Telephone calls are not as cheap as E-mail.

Comparative Degree

0

Comparative degree:

Adjective যখন দুইটি ব্যক্তি, বস্তু বা প্রাণীর মধ্যে তুলনা করা বোঝায়, তখন adjective এর যে form বা রূপটি ব্যবহার করা হয়, তাকে Comparative degree বলে।

Comparative degree এর  structure: 

Subject + verb + adjective a comparative form + than + noun

For example:

Rana is smarter than Rabbi. 

She is taller than her sister.

He is more outstanding than she. 

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# বহুনির্বাচনী প্রশ্ন

He is intelligent that nay other boy in the class.
No other boy in the class is intelligent as like him
No other boy in the class is more intelligent than he is
He is at least more intelligent than any other by boy in the class
He is less intelligent than any other boy in the class .
No other boy in the class is intelligent as like him.
No other boy in the class is more intelligent than he is .
He is at least more intelligent than any other boy in the class.
He is less intelligent than any other boy in the class
No other boy in the class in intelligent as like him
No other boy in the class is more intelligent than he is-
He is at least more intelligent than any other boy in the class

Superlative Degree

3

Superlative degree:

যখন দুই এর অধিক ব্যক্তি, বন্ধ বা প্রাণির মধ্যে তুলনা করা হয়, তখন adjective of form টি ব্যবহার করা হয়, তাকে Superlative degree বলে।

Superlative degree-এর   structure:

 Subject + verb + the+ adjective superlative form + preposition(in/of/among) +  noun.

For example:

She is the prettiest girl in the class.

Rita is the wisest among all the students. 

 

Degree পরিবর্তনের পূর্ব শর্ত, adjective এর তিনটি form সম্বন্ধে জানা।

Positive ComparativeSuperlative
Talltallertallest
Richricherrichest
Shortshortershortest
FatfatterFattest
Thinthinnerthinnest
Easyeasiereasiest
Gaygayergayest
Beautifulmore beautifulmost beautiful
Manymuchmore
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# বহুনির্বাচনী প্রশ্ন

He is better than anyother man in the village
He is best man
He is the best man in the village
He is good man
He declared that he was innocent.
Foreign travel is more pleasant than most of other things.
They saw that the drunker porter was lying on the floor.
Hamlet is one of the most popular dramas.
The richest are the happiest men
The rich of the society are not more happier than others.
The richest are one of the happiest
The happiest are the rich of the society
The richest men of our society are not the happiest men
Careful
Carefulled
Most carefully
More careful

Narration

0

Narration

Narration আয়ত্ত করতে হলে প্রথমে Tense, modals, person, 5 kinds of sentences ইত্যাদি ভালোভাবে জানা প্রয়োজন। দ্বিতীয়ত, Direct থেকে Indirect Narration করার সময় যেসব verbs ও adverbs পরিবর্তিত হয় সেগুলো মুখস্থ করা বা মনে রাখা দরকার।

Tense পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম:

Direct narration-এর Reporting verb  যদি  Present বা Future Tense হয় তাহলে Reported speech-এ Tense-এর পরিবর্তন হয় না। 

Direct: He says, I am ill."

Indirect: He says that he is ill. 

Direct: Rana will say, 'I am sorry."

Indirect: Rana will say that he is sorry.

কিন্তু Reporting verb যদি Past tense-এর হয় তাহলে নিম্নোক্ত নিয়মে Reported speech-এর tense পরিবর্তিত হবে :

Direct-এ এই Tense থাকলেIndirect-এ এই Tense হবে
 1. Present Indefinite TensePast Indefinite Tense
2. Present Continuous Tense Past Continuous Tense
3. Present Perfect Tense Past Perfect Tense
4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense Past Perfect Continuous Tense
5. Past Indefinite Tense Past Perfect Tense
6. Past Continuous TensePast Perfect Continuous Tense

 

2. Words / phrases পরিবর্তনের নিয়ম : কিছু কিছু words/phrases আছে যেগুলো Direct থেকে Indirect করার পর পরিবর্তিত হয়। সেগুলোর একটি তালিকা দেয়া হলো :

 

Direct-এ এই শব্দগুচ্ছ থাকলে

Indirect-এ এই শব্দগুচ্ছ হয়

This — এটি/এটা/এইthat — এটি/এটা/ ঐ
These এগুলোthose ওগুলো
Now – এখনthen — তখন
Here — এখানেthere – সেখানে
Ago - আগেbefore – আগে
The same day – একই দিনthe following day / the next day পরের দিন
Hence – এখান থেকে।thence – সেখান থেকে
Hither – এদিকে -thither – সেদিকে
Thus – এভাবে so – তাই
Come আসাgo - যাওয়া
Tomorrow – আগামী কালthe next day পরের দিন
Yesterday — গতকাল the day before/the previous day আগের দিন
Tonight – আজ রাতেthat night — ঐ রাতে
Last night — গত রাতেthe night before / the previous night – আগের রাতে
Next week – পরবর্তী সপ্তাহেthe following week
Last week - গত সপ্তাহেthe previous week
Tomorrow morningthe next morning
Yesterday morningthe previous morning
Today – আজthat day — ঐ দিন

 

 

[বি.দ্র. It-এর কোনো পরিবর্তন হয় না। সেই সাথে ডান দিকের শব্দগুচ্ছ যদি Direct Narration-এ আসে তাহলে সেগুলোও পরিবর্তিত হবে না। যেমন— come থাকলে go হবে কিন্তু ২০ থাকলে go-ই হবে, come হবে না |

 

3. Assertive Sentence-এর  Narration: Reporting Verb say-এর পরিবর্তে tell বসে। তবে object না থাকলে say বহাল থাকে। Comma ও inverted comma উঠে গিয়ে that বসে । Tense ও person যথানিয়মে পরিবর্তিত হবে।

Munna said to Zuhan, I shall come to you tomorrow'. It's indirect form is-

Munna told Zuhan that he would go to him the following day. 

 বি.দ্র. Reported speech-এর বাক্যটি যদি চিরন্তন সত্য (universal truth) হয় তাহলে তার পরিবর্তন হয় না।

 

3. Interrogative Sentence-এর   Narration: Reporting verb say-এর পরিবর্তে  ask/enquire of বসে। প্রশ্নবোধক বাক্যটিতে যদি Wh-question word না থাকে তাহলে comma উঠে if বা whether বসে। Wh-question word থাকলে তা অপরিবর্তিত থাকে। আর indirect করার পর বাক্যটি Assertive হয়ে যায়।

He asked me if I had passed 

 

4. Imperative Sentence -এর Narration: Reported Speech-এর  অর্থ ও ভাব অনুযায়ী say এর  পরিবর্তে   order, command, request, advise, beg, ask, tell ইত্যাদি বসে। হ্যাঁ-বোধক বাক্যের ক্ষেত্রে Comma ও Inverted comma উঠে to বসে এবং না-বোধক বাক্যের ক্ষেত্রে not to বসে। বাক্যে please থাকলে উঠে যায় বা তার পরিবর্তে kindly এবং sir এর পরিবর্তে respectfully ব্যবহৃত হয়।


I ordered to do it.

The man requested the officer to please to help him.

 

5. Let দ্বারা imperative sentence শুরু হলে এবং তা দ্বারা প্রস্তাব বোঝালে Say-এর পরিবর্তে propose বা suggest হয়, comma উঠে that বসে let উঠে subject-এর পর should বসে বাক্যটি Assertive হয়ে যায় । 

Direct: Rana said to me, 'Let us go home."

Indirect : Rana proposed to me that we should go home.

 

7. Let দ্বারা প্রস্তাব না বোঝালে Let-এর পরিবর্তে might বা might be allowed to বসে ।

Direct: The boy said,'Let me do it'. 

Indirect: The boy said that he might be allowed to do it.

 

8. Optative Sentence-এর  Narration: Reported speech-এর অর্থ ও ভাব  অনুযায়ী say-এর পরিবর্তে wish বা pray, comma উঠিয়ে that এবং subject-এর পর might বসিয়ে বাক্যটিকে Assertive করতে হয়।

Direct: The teacher said to me, 'May you pass the examination'.

Indirect:  The teacher wished that I might pass the examination. √

 

9. বাক্যে good morning/evening থাকলে say-এর পরিবর্তে wish এবং good bye/ good night থাকলে say-এর পরিবর্তে bid বসে। উল্লেখ্য, bid-এর past form হচ্ছে bade.

Direct: Raju said, 'Good morning, my friends

Indirect: Raju wished his friends good morning or Raju wished good morning to his friends.

10. Exclamatory Sentence-এর   Narration: Exclamatory sentence-এ আনন্দ বুঝালে Say-এর পরিবর্তে exclaim in বা with joy/delight/wonder, cry out in joy ইত্যাদি বসে; আর দুঃখ বোঝালে exclaim with sorrow grief ইত্যাদি বসে। কমা উঠিয়ে that বসে এবং alas, ah, hurrah, ইত্যাদি থাকলে তা বাদ দিয়ে বাক্যটিকে Assertive করতে হয়। What বা how দিয়ে বাক্য, শুরু হলে এদের পরিবর্তে noun-এর পূর্বে great এবং adjective-এর পূর্বে very বসে। 

Direct: He said, "Hurrah! We have won the game.

Indirect : He exclaimed with joy that they had won the game. 

Direct: He said, 'Alas! I am undone."

Indirect: He exclaimed with sorrow that he was undone.

 

11. Vocative Case- এর   Narration: Narration- এ কাউকে সম্বোধন করলে তাকে সম্ভব হলে object-এ নিয়ে আসা, তাকে বাদ দেয়া অথবা Addressing দিয়ে বাক্য শুরু করা যেতে পারে ।

Direct: He said, 'Friends, listen to me."

Indirect : Addressing them as his friends he requested them to listen to him.

Or, He requested his friends to listen to him.

12. Direct Narration- এর reporting verb-টি past tense-এ হওয়া সত্ত্বেও reported speech-it যদি চিরন্তন সত্য (universal truth), অভ্যাসগত কর্ম ( habitual fact), বৈজ্ঞানিক সত্য (scientific truth) হয় তাহলে indirect করার সময় reported speech- টির কোনো পরিবর্তন হবে না।

Direct: He said to me, "Regular exercise is good for health.

Indirect : He told me that regular exercise is good for health. 

13. Direct narration-এর  reported speech- এ fool/liar/coward ইত্যাদি থাকলে indirect  এ  পরিবর্তন করার সময় direct-এর reporting verb said- এর পরিবর্তে called বসে।

 যেমন— 

Indirect : Rafiq called me a liar.

Direct:  Rafiq said to me, “you are a liar”

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# বহুনির্বাচনী প্রশ্ন

He request his friend, Jashim please help him.
Addressing Jashim as his friend, he requested him (Jashim) to help him.
He requested Jashim to help him.
he requested his friend to help him.
He prayed Jashim as his friend to help him.
He said, "Bangladesh has won the ICC T20 world cup".
He said, "Bangladesh won the ICC T20 world cup".
He said, "How! Bangladesh won the ICC T20 world cup".
He said, "Hurrah! Bangladesh has won the ICC T20 world cup".
He said, "Jeer! Bangladesh has won the ICC T20 world cup".
The boy said that he shall go to the school the next day
The boy said that he should go to school the next day.
The boy said that he will go to school tomorrow
The boy said that he would go to school the next day
Father told me that I should not go there
Father forbade me not to go there
Father forbade me to go there
None of these
He proposed me that we should do the work
He told me to done the work.
He told me to did the work.
He suggest me to did work.

Question Tags

2

Tag Question

Tag question-এ বক্তা এমন একটি বক্তব্য বা Statement প্রদান করেন যার সত্যতা সম্পর্কে তিনি পুরোপুরি নিশ্চিত নন। তাই তিনি সত্যতা যাচাইয়ের জন্য বক্তব্যের শেষে একটি প্রশ্ন জুড়ে দেন যা Tag question হিসেবে পরিচিত । বাক্যের Main clause-টি Tag question থেকে একটি কমার (,) মাধ্যমে আলাদা থাকে এবং সম্পূর্ণ বাক্যের শেষে সর্বদা প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন বসে। যেমন: You like mangoes, don't you? আর Positive statement হলে Tag হবে Negative এবং Negative statement হলে Tag হবে Positive |

1. Positive statement-এর Subject হিসেবে I এবং verb হিসেবে am থাকলে, Tag করার ক্ষেত্রে 'aren't' অথবা ain't ব্যবহার করা যায়।

যেমন-

I am going to fall in love aren't I/ain't I?

 

2. Positive statement-টি যদি মূল Verb দিয়ে শুরু হয় অথবা Let + Personal object দিয়ে শুরু হয় তাহলে Tag করার ক্ষেত্রে will you ব্যবহার করা যায়। কিন্তু Let us/Let's দিয়ে শুরু হওয়া বাক্যের ক্ষেত্রে 'Shall we' Tag question হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হবে।

যেমন-

Let's go to a picnic Shall we?

Give me one hundred taka, will you?

 

3. বাক্যের Main clause-এ ব্যবহৃত Auxiliary verb tag করার ক্ষেত্রে ব্যবহৃত হয়। আর যদি বাক্যে কোনো auxiliary verb না থাকে, তাহলে বাক্যের tense অনুযায়ী do, does বা did ব্যবহার করতে হয়। 

যেমন—

Kaiser Haq writes in English , doesn't he?

We have just answered your question, haven't we?? 

 

4. Sentence-এর শুরুতে There is, There are, It is ইত্যাদি থাকলে এবং তা যদি  Pseudo-subject-এর কাজ করে, তাহলে tag করার ক্ষেত্রে Subject pronoun হিসেবে There বা It ব্যবহৃত হয়। 

যেমন-

There has not been a great response to the sale, has there?

 

5. 'Have' ক্রিয়াটি বাক্যে main verb অথবা auxiliary verb হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে। বাক্যে যদি 'have' main verb হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়, তাহলে American English- do, does বা did দিয়ে  tag করতে হয় কিন্তু British English-এ have দিয়েই tag করা যায়। উল্লেখ্য যে, British rules-কে প্রাধান্য দেয়া হয়।

যেমন—

You have two children, haven't you (UK)?

 

6. Statement-এ  Subject হিসেবে যদি  everybody, everyone, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nobody, none, থাকে,তাহলে  tag করার সময় এদের Pronoun হিসেবে 'They' ব্যবহৃত হয় এবং everything something, anything, nothing থাকলে Pronoun হিসেবে It ব্যবহৃত হয়। এছাড়া কিছু negative word - none, nothing, hardly, seldom, scarcely ইত্যাদি Statement-এ use হলে Statement-টিকে Negative ধরে Positive tag ব্যবহার করতে হবে।

যেমন—

→Everybody likes flowers, don't they?

→Something is better than nothing, isn't it?

→Nothing is impossible, is it?

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Affirmative Sentence

1
Please, contribute by adding content to Affirmative Sentence.
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# বহুনির্বাচনী প্রশ্ন

Everybody is unhappy
Everybody is more or less unhappy
Everybody is totally unhappy
Everybody is absolutely happy
He went on trying
He tried his best
He tried all plans
He tried all plans
He planned to try
Rabindranath was not on poet but also a philosophers
Rabindranath was a poet and philosopher
Rahindranath was both a poet and a philosopher
Rabindranath was a poet and also a philosopher
We had no memory of his name
Time erased his name from our minds
Forgefulness surrounded his name from our minds
We forget his name
Everybody should deny that truth
All should accept the truth
Anybody should deny the truth
Everybody should admit the truth
Promotion